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Free and open-source database management system

Apache Cassandra
Cassandra logo
Original author(s) Avinash Lakshman, Prashant Malik / Facebook
Developer(s) Apache Software Foundation
Initial release July 2008; xiii years ago  (2008-07)
Stable release

4.0.3[one]Edit this on Wikidata / 17 February 2022; xiii days ago  (17 February 2022)

Repository
  • gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra.git Edit this at Wikidata
Written in Java
Operating system Cantankerous-platform
Available in English language
Type NoSQL Database, data shop
License Apache License two.0
Website cassandra.apache.org Edit this on Wikidata

Cassandra is a free and open-source, distributed, wide-column store, NoSQL database management system designed to handle large amounts of data across many commodity servers, providing loftier availability with no single point of failure. Cassandra offers back up for clusters spanning multiple datacenters,[2] with asynchronous masterless replication allowing low latency operations for all clients. Cassandra was designed to implement a combination of Amazon'south Dynamo distributed storage and replication techniques combined with Google's Bigtable data and storage engine model.[iii]

History [edit]

Avinash Lakshman, 1 of the authors of Amazon's Dynamo, and Prashant Malik initially developed Cassandra at Facebook to power the Facebook inbox search feature. Facebook released Cassandra as an open up-source project on Google lawmaking in July 2008.[4] In March 2009 it became an Apache Incubator project.[5] On February 17, 2010 it graduated to a pinnacle-level project.[6]

Facebook developers named their database after the Trojan mythological prophet Cassandra, with classical allusions to a curse on an oracle.[vii]

Releases [edit]

Releases after graduation include

  • 0.6, released Apr 12 2010, added support for integrated caching, and Apache Hadoop MapReduce[viii]
  • 0.7, released Jan 08 2011, added secondary indexes and online schema changes[9]
  • 0.8, released Jun 2 2011, added the Cassandra Query Language (CQL), self-tuning memtables, and back up for zero-downtime upgrades[x]
  • 1.0, released Oct 17 2011, added integrated pinch, leveled compaction, and improved read-performance[11]
  • 1.1, released April 23 2012, added cocky-tuning caches, row-level isolation, and support for mixed ssd/spinning disk deployments[12]
  • 1.2, released Jan 2 2013, added clustering beyond virtual nodes, inter-node advice, atomic batches, and asking tracing[13]
  • 2.0, released Sep 4 2013, added lightweight transactions (based on the Paxos consensus protocol), triggers, improved compactions
  • ii.1 released Sep ten 2014[14]
  • 2.2 released July 20, 2015
  • 3.0 released Nov xi, 2015
  • 3.1 through iii.10 releases were monthly releases using a tick-tock-like release model, with fifty-fifty-numbered releases providing both new features and bug fixes while odd-numbered releases will include bug fixes just.[15]
  • 3.11 released June 23, 2017 as a stable 3.xi release series and bug set from the terminal tick-tock feature release.
  • 4.0 released July 26, 2021.
  • four.0.1 released September 7, 2021.
  • 4.0.2 released February 8, 2022.
  • 4.0.three released February 17, 2022.
Version Original release engagement Latest version Release date Status[sixteen]
Former version, no longer maintained: 0.six 2010-04-12 0.6.xiii 2011-04-18 No longer supported
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.seven 2011-01-ten 0.seven.ten 2011-x-31 No longer supported
Quondam version, no longer maintained: 0.8 2011-06-03 0.eight.ten 2012-02-13 No longer supported
One-time version, no longer maintained: ane.0 2011-10-18 1.0.12 2012-ten-04 No longer supported
One-time version, no longer maintained: 1.i 2012-04-24 1.one.12 2013-05-27 No longer supported
Sometime version, no longer maintained: ane.ii 2013-01-02 1.2.19 2014-09-xviii No longer supported
Onetime version, no longer maintained: 2.0 2013-09-03 2.0.17 2015-09-21 No longer supported
Old version, no longer maintained: two.1 2014-09-xvi 2.1.22 2020-08-31 No longer supported
Older version, yet still maintained: two.2 2015-07-twenty 2.2.19 2020-eleven-04 Still supported, critical fixes only
Older version, yet all the same maintained: iii.0 2015-11-09 three.0.26 2022-02-08 Still supported
Older version, yet even so maintained: 3.11 2017-06-23 3.11.12 2022-02-08 Still supported
Electric current stable version: iv.0 2021-07-26 four.0.3 2022-02-17 Latest release

Legend:

Old version

Older version, still maintained

Latest version

Latest preview version

Future release

Main features [edit]

Distributed
Every node in the cluster has the same office. There is no unmarried point of failure. Information is distributed across the cluster (and then each node contains unlike information), but in that location is no master as every node can service any request.
Supports replication and multi data centre replication
Replication strategies are configurable.[17] Cassandra is designed every bit a distributed system, for deployment of big numbers of nodes beyond multiple data centers. Key features of Cassandra's distributed architecture are specifically tailored for multiple-data eye deployment, for redundancy, for failover and disaster recovery.
Scalability
Designed to have read and write throughput both increment linearly as new machines are added, with the aim of no downtime or interruption to applications.
Error-tolerant
Data is automatically replicated to multiple nodes for fault-tolerance. Replication across multiple information centers is supported. Failed nodes tin can be replaced with no reanimation.
Tunable consistency
Cassandra is typically classified as an AP arrangement, meaning that availability and partition tolerance are generally considered to be more of import than consistency in Cassandra,[xviii] Writes and reads offer a tunable level of consistency, all the fashion from "writes never fail" to "block for all replicas to be readable", with the quorum level in the middle.[19]
MapReduce back up
Cassandra has Hadoop integration, with MapReduce support. There is support also for Apache Squealer and Apache Hive.[20]
Query language
Cassandra introduced the Cassandra Query Language (CQL). CQL is a simple interface for accessing Cassandra, as an alternative to the traditional Structured Query Language (SQL).
Eventual consistency
Cassandra manages eventual consistency of reads, upserts and deletes through Tombstones.

Cassandra Query Language [edit]

Cassandra introduced the Cassandra Query Language (CQL). CQL is a elementary interface for accessing Cassandra, equally an alternative to the traditional Structured Query Linguistic communication (SQL). CQL adds an abstraction layer that hides implementation details of this structure and provides native syntaxes for collections and other common encodings. Language drivers are available for Java (JDBC), Python (DBAPI2), Node.JS (Datastax), Become (gocql) and C++.[21]

The keyspace in Cassandra is a namespace that defines data replication beyond nodes. Therefore, replication is defined at the keyspace level. Below an example of keyspace creation, including a column family unit in CQL 3.0:[22] 

                        CREATE            KEYSPACE            MyKeySpace            WITH            REPLICATION            =            {            'form'            :            'SimpleStrategy'            ,            'replication_factor'            :            3            }            ;            Utilise            MyKeySpace            ;            CREATE            COLUMNFAMILY            MyColumns            (            id            text            ,            Last            text            ,            First            text            ,            Main            KEY            (            id            ));            INSERT            INTO            MyColumns            (            id            ,            Last            ,            Offset            )            VALUES            (            'i'            ,            'Doe'            ,            'John'            );            SELECT            *            FROM            MyColumns            ;

Which gives: 

                        id            |            Last            |            Starting time ----+------+------   1            |            Doe            |            John            (i rows)

Known problems [edit]

Upwardly to Cassandra 1.0, Cassandra was non row level consistent,[23] meaning that inserts and updates into the table that bear upon the aforementioned row that are candy at approximately the same fourth dimension may impact the not-key columns in inconsistent ways. One update may affect one column while another affects the other, resulting in sets of values within the row that were never specified or intended. Cassandra one.i solved this issue by introducing row-level isolation.[24]

Tombstones [edit]

Deletion markers called "Tombstones" are known to cause severe performance degradation.[25]

Information model [edit]

Cassandra is wide column store, and, every bit such, essentially a hybrid between a key-value and a tabular database management system. Its data model is a partitioned row store with tunable consistency.[19] Rows are organized into tables; the first component of a table'south principal cardinal is the partition fundamental; within a segmentation, rows are clustered past the remaining columns of the key.[26] Other columns may exist indexed separately from the primary key.[27]

Tables may be created, dropped, and altered at run-time without blocking updates and queries.[28]

Cassandra cannot do joins or subqueries. Rather, Cassandra emphasizes denormalization through features like collections.[29]

A cavalcade family unit (called "tabular array" since CQL three) resembles a table in an RDBMS (Relational Database Management Arrangement). Cavalcade families contain rows and columns. Each row is uniquely identified by a row key. Each row has multiple columns, each of which has a name, value, and a timestamp. Dissimilar a table in an RDBMS, different rows in the same cavalcade family do not have to share the same set of columns, and a cavalcade may be added to i or multiple rows at any time.[thirty]

Each key in Cassandra corresponds to a value which is an object. Each central has values as columns, and columns are grouped together into sets called cavalcade families. Thus, each key identifies a row of a variable number of elements. These column families could be considered and so as tables. A table in Cassandra is a distributed multi dimensional map indexed by a primal. Furthermore, applications can specify the sort society of columns within a Super Column or Simple Column family.

Direction and monitoring [edit]

Cassandra is a Java-based system that can be managed and monitored via Java Management Extensions (JMX). The JMX-compliant nodetool utility, for instance, can be used to manage a Cassandra cluster (calculation nodes to a ring, draining nodes, decommissioning nodes, and so on).[31] Nodetool also offers a number of commands to return Cassandra metrics pertaining to disk usage, latency, compaction, garbage collection, and more.[32]

Since Cassandra 2.0.two in 2013, measures of several metrics are produced via the Dropwizard metrics framework,[33] and may exist queried via JMX using tools such every bit JConsole or passed to external monitoring systems via Dropwizard-compatible reporter plugins.[34]

Notable applications [edit]

According to DB-Engines ranking, Cassandra is the most popular wide column shop,[35] and in September 2014 became the 9th most popular database.[36]

  • Apple tree uses 100,000 Cassandra nodes, as revealed at Cassandra Peak San Francisco 2015,[37] although it has non elaborated for which products, services or features.
  • AppScale uses Cassandra equally a back-stop for Google App Engine applications[38]
  • BlackRock uses Cassandra in their Aladdin investment direction platform[39] [40]
  • CERN used Cassandra-based image for its ATLAS experiment to annal the online DAQ system's monitoring information[41]
  • Cisco's WebEx uses Cassandra to store user feed and activeness in near real fourth dimension.[42]
  • Constant Contact uses Cassandra in their electronic mail and social media marketing applications.[43] Over 200 nodes are deployed.
  • Digg, a social news website, announced on Sep ninth, 2009 that it is rolling out its utilize of Cassandra[44] and confirmed this on March 8, 2010.[45] TechCrunch has since linked Cassandra to Digg v4 reliability criticisms and recent company struggles.[46] A lead engineer at Digg later rebuked these criticisms in a social media post as red herring and blamed a lack of load testing.[47]
  • Discord switched to Cassandra to store billions of messages from MongoDB in November, 2015[48]
  • Formspring uses Cassandra to count responses, as well as store social graph data (followers, following, blockers, blocking) for 26 Meg accounts with 10 million responses a twenty-four hour period[49]
  • Globo.com uses Cassandra as a back-end database for their streaming services[50]
  • Grubhub uses Cassandra equally their chief persistent data store for their backend services.[51]
  • Mahalo.com used Cassandra to record user activity logs and topics for their Q&A website[52] [53]
  • Monzo, a UK Banking concern, uses Cassandra for well-nigh all of their persistent information storage.[54] [55]
  • Netflix uses Cassandra every bit their dorsum-end database for their streaming services[56] [57]
  • Nutanix appliances apply Cassandra to shop metadata and stats.[58]
  • Ooyala built a existent-time analytics engine using Cassandra[59]
  • Openwave uses Cassandra as a distributed database and every bit a distributed storage mechanism for their messaging platform[60]
  • OpenX is running over 130 nodes on Cassandra for their OpenX Enterprise production to store and replicate advertisements and targeting data for advertising delivery[61]
  • Rackspace uses Cassandra internally.[62]
  • Reddit switched to Cassandra from memcacheDB on March 12, 2010[63] and experienced some problems in May of that year due to insufficient nodes in their cluster.[64]
  • RockYou uses Cassandra to tape every single click for 50 meg Monthly Active Users in real-time for their online games[65]
  • SoundCloud uses Cassandra to store the dashboard of their users[66]
  • Uber uses Cassandra to store effectually 10,000 features in their daily updated company-wide Characteristic Store for low-latency admission during alive model predictions[67]
  • Urban Airship uses Cassandra with the mobile service hosting for over 160 million application installs beyond 80 million unique devices[68]

See besides [edit]

  • Bigtable - Original distributed database by Google
  • Distributed database
  • Distributed hash table (DHT)
  • Dynamo (storage system) - Cassandra borrows many elements from Dynamo
  • Scylla - a distributed data shop written in C++ that'southward API-compatible with Cassandra

References [edit]

  1. ^ https://github.com/apache/cassandra/releases/tag/cassandra-4.0.3.
  2. ^ Casares, Joaquin (2012-11-05). "Multi-datacenter Replication in Cassandra". DataStax. Retrieved 2013-07-25 . Cassandra's innate datacenter concepts are of import equally they permit multiple workloads to exist run across multiple datacenters…
  3. ^ "Apache Cassandra Documentation Overview". Retrieved 2021-01-21 .
  4. ^ Hamilton, James (July 12, 2008). "Facebook Releases Cassandra every bit Open Source". Retrieved 2009-06-04 .
  5. ^ "Is this the new hotness at present?". Mail-archive.com. 2009-03-02. Archived from the original on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-29 .
  6. ^ "Cassandra is an Apache top level projection". Postal service-archive.com. 2010-02-18. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-29 .
  7. ^ "The meaning behind the proper name of Apache Cassandra". Archived from the original on 2016-eleven-01. Retrieved 2016-07-nineteen . Apache Cassandra is named later the Greek mythological prophet Cassandra. [...] Because of her dazzler Apollo granted her the ability of prophecy. [...] When Cassandra of Troy refused Apollo, he put a expletive on her and then that all of her and her descendants' predictions would not be believed. [...] Cassandra is the cursed Oracle[.]
  8. ^ "The Apache Software Foundation Announces Apache Cassandra Release 0.six : The Apache Software Foundation Weblog". Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  9. ^ "The Apache Software Foundation Announces Apache Cassandra 0.7 : The Apache Software Foundation Weblog". Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  10. ^ Eric Evans. "[Cassandra-user] [RELEASE] 0.8.0". Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved five January 2016.
  11. ^ "Cassandra 1.0.0. Is Ready for the Enterprise". InfoQ . Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  12. ^ "The Apache Software Foundation Announces Apache Cassandra™ v1.i : The Apache Software Foundation Web log". Retrieved five January 2016.
  13. ^ "The Apache Software Foundation Announces Apache Cassandra™ v1.2 : The Apache Software Foundation Web log". apache.org . Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  14. ^ Sylvain Lebresne (x September 2014). "[VOTE SUCCESS] Release Apache Cassandra two.1.0". mail-archive.com . Retrieved eleven Dec 2014.
  15. ^ "Cassandra two.2, 3.0, and beyond". 16 June 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  16. ^ "Cassandra Server Releases". cassandra.apache.org . Retrieved 15 Dec 2015.
  17. ^ "Deploying Cassandra across Multiple Data Centers". DataStax . Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  18. ^ "The CAP Theorem - Larn Cassandra". teddyma.gitbooks.io.
  19. ^ a b DataStax (2013-01-15). "About data consistency". Archived from the original on 2013-07-26. Retrieved 2013-07-25 .
  20. ^ "Hadoop Support" Archived 2017-xi-16 at the Wayback Machine article on Cassandra's wiki
  21. ^ "DataStax C/C++ Driver for Apache Cassandra". DataStax . Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  22. ^ "CQL". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved v January 2016.
  23. ^ "WAT - Cassandra: Row level consistency #$@&%*! - datanerds.io". datanerds.io . Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  24. ^ Lebresne, Sylvain (2012-02-21). "Coming upward in Cassandra ane.1: Row Level Isolation". DataStax: always-on data platform | NoSQL | Apache Cassandra . Retrieved 2018-07-18 .
  25. ^ Rodriguez, Alain (27 Jul 2016). "Almost Deletes and Tombstones in Cassandra".
  26. ^ Ellis, Jonathan (2012-02-15). "Schema in Cassandra 1.one". DataStax. Retrieved 2013-07-25 .
  27. ^ Ellis, Jonathan (2010-12-03). "What'due south new in Cassandra 0.7: Secondary indexes". DataStax. Retrieved 2013-07-25 .
  28. ^ Ellis, Jonathan (2012-03-02). "The Schema Management Renaissance in Cassandra 1.1". DataStax. Retrieved 2013-07-25 .
  29. ^ Lebresne, Sylvain (2012-08-05). "Coming in 1.2: Collections support in CQL3". DataStax. Retrieved 2013-07-25 .
  30. ^ DataStax. "Apache Cassandra 0.7 Documentation - Column Families". Apache Cassandra 0.vii Documentation . Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  31. ^ "NodeTool". Cassandra Wiki. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  32. ^ "How to monitor Cassandra performance metrics". Datadog. 3 Dec 2015. Retrieved 5 Jan 2016.
  33. ^ "Metrics". Cassandra Wiki . Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  34. ^ "Monitoring". Cassandra Documentation . Retrieved i February 2018.
  35. ^ DB-Engines. "DB-Engines Ranking of Wide Column Stores".
  36. ^ DB-Engines. "DB-Engines Ranking".
  37. ^ Luca Martinetti: Apple runs more 100k [production] Cassandra nodes. on Twitter
  38. ^ "Datastores on Appscale". Archived from the original on 2013-09-07. Retrieved 2011-07-07 .
  39. ^ "Top Cassandra Meridian Sessions For Advanced Cassandra Users". Archived from the original on 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2015-12-20 .
  40. ^ "Multi-Tenancy in Cassandra at BlackRock".
  41. ^ A Persistent Back-End for the ATLAS Online Information Service (P-BEAST). 2012.
  42. ^ "Re: Cassandra users survey". Mail service-archive.com. 2009-11-21. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-29 .
  43. ^ Finley, Klint (2011-02-18). "This Week in Consolidation: HP Buys Vertica, Constant Contact Buys Bantam Live and More than". Read Write Enterprise.
  44. ^ Eure, Ian. "Looking to the future with Cassandra".
  45. ^ Quinn, John. "Maxim Aye to NoSQL; Going Steady with Cassandra". Archived from the original on 2012-03-07.
  46. ^ Schonfeld, Erick. "As Digg Struggles, VP Of Engineering Is Shown The Door".
  47. ^ "Is Cassandra to Arraign for Digg v4's Failures?".
  48. ^ Vishnevskiy, Stanislav (2017-01-xiv). "How Discord Stores Billions of Messages". Discord Blog . Retrieved 2019-07-02 .
  49. ^ Cozzi, Martin (2011-08-31). "Cassandra at Formspring".
  50. ^ Nunes, Alexandre (2016-06-22). "Cassandra At The Heart Of Globo's Live Streaming Platform".
  51. ^ Blackie, William (2018-07-26). "Cloud infrastructure at Grubhub". Grubhub Bytes . Retrieved 2019-03-29 .
  52. ^ "Mahalo.com powered by Apache Cassandra™" (PDF). DataStax.com. Santa Clara, CA, United states of america: DataStax. 2012-04-10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-06-13 .
  53. ^ Scout Cassandra at Mahalo.com |DataStax Episodes |Bleep Archived 2011-12-10 at the Wayback Motorcar
  54. ^ "We had issues with Monzo on 29th July. Here'due south what happened, and what we did to fix it". Monzo . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  55. ^ "We secured thousands of Cassandra clients to keep Monzo'due south information condom". Monzo . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  56. ^ Cockcroft, Adrian (2011-07-11). "Migrating Netflix from Datacenter Oracle to Global Cassandra". slideshare.cyberspace . Retrieved 2014-06-13 .
  57. ^ Izrailevsky, Yury (2011-01-28). "NoSQL at Netflix".
  58. ^ "Nutanix Bible". Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2015-04-18 .
  59. ^ Ooyala (2010-05-18). "Designing a Scalable Database for Online Video Analytics" (PDF). DataStax.com. Mount View CA, USA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-06-14 .
  60. ^ Mainstay LLC (2013-11-11). "DataStax Case Report of Openwave Messaging" (PDF). DataStax.com. Santa Clara, CA, U.s.a.: DataStax. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-07. Retrieved 2014-06-xv .
  61. ^ Advertisement Serving Technology - Advanced Optimization, Forecasting, & Targeting |OpenX Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Motorcar
  62. ^ "Hadoop and Cassandra (at Rackspace)". Stu Hood. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2011-09-01 .
  63. ^ david [ketralnis] (2010-03-12). "what'southward new on reddit: She who entangles men". weblog.reddit. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-29 .
  64. ^ the reddit admins at (2010-05-11). "blog.reddit -- what'due south new on reddit: reddit's May 2010 "State of the Servers" written report". weblog.reddit. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-16 .
  65. ^ Pattishall, Dathan Vance (2011-03-23). "Cassandra is my NoSQL Solution but".
  66. ^ "Cassandra at SoundCloud". Archived from the original on 2013-09-05. Retrieved 2013-07-15 .
  67. ^ Hermann, Jeremy (v September 2017). "Meet Michelangelo: Uber'southward Machine Learning Platform".
  68. ^ Onnen, Erik (nineteen July 2011). "From 100s to 100s of Millions".

Bibliography [edit]

  • Carpenter, Jeff; Hewitt, Eben (July 24, 2016). Cassandra: The Definitive Guide (second ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. 370. ISBN978-i-4919-3366-four.
  • Capriolo, Edward (July 15, 2011). Cassandra High Functioning Cookbook (1st ed.). Packt Publishing. p. 324. ISBN978-1-84951-512-2.
  • Hewitt, Eben (December xv, 2010). Cassandra: The Definitive Guide (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. 300. ISBN978-one-4493-9041-9.

External links [edit]

  • Lakshman, Avinash (2008-08-25). "Cassandra - A structured storage system on a P2P Network". Engineering science @ Facebook's Notes. Retrieved 2014-06-17 .
  • "The Apache Cassandra Project". Forest Hill, MD, USA: The Apache Software Foundation. Retrieved 2014-06-17 .
  • "Projection Wiki". Forest Hill, MD, USA: The Apache Software Foundation. Archived from the original on 2014-06-14. Retrieved 2014-06-17 .
  • Hewitt, Eben (2010-12-01). "Adopting Apache Cassandra". infoq.com. InfoQ, C4Media Inc. Retrieved 2014-06-17 .
  • Lakshman, Avinash; Malik, Prashant (2009-08-15). "Cassandra - A Decentralized Structured Storage System" (PDF). cs.cornell.edu. The authors are from Facebook. Retrieved 2014-06-17 .
  • Ellis, Jonathan (2009-07-29). "What Every Developer Should Know Near Database Scalability". slideshare.internet . Retrieved 2014-06-17 . From the OSCON 2009 talk on RDBMS vs. Dynamo, Bigtable, and Cassandra.
  • "Cassandra-RPM - Red Hat Bundle Manager (RPM) build for the Apache Cassandra project". code.google.com. Menlo Park, CA, United states: Google Projection Hosting. Retrieved 2014-06-17 .
  • Roth, Gregor (2012-10-14). "Cassandra by case - the path of read and write requests". slideshare.cyberspace . Retrieved 2014-06-17 .
  • Mansoor, Umer (2012-11-04). "A collection of Cassandra tutorials". Retrieved 2015-02-08 .
  • Bushik, Sergey (2012-x-22). "A vendor-independent comparison of NoSQL databases: Cassandra, HBase, MongoDB, Riak". NetworkWorld. Framingham, MA, USA and Staines, Middlesex, UK: IDG. Archived from the original on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-06-17 .

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Cassandra

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